ABSTRACT
Herpes zoster is a cluster blister disease that often occurs on the skin of the elderly, immunocompromised individuals and patients with chronic diseases, which is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus dormant in neurons. The persistent pain of herpes zoster tortures patients and is responsible for serious mental and economic burden. With no effective drug treatment for patients, vaccination becomes more important in disease prevention. Now live attenuated vaccine and recombinant protein vaccine with adjuvant are clinically available abroad. Based on the clinical data, recombinant protein vaccine with adjuvant is the preferred one recommended by CDC.In China, many enterprises perform clinical studies on the two vaccines. However, due to the limitation of adjuvant supply, recombinant protein vaccines have not been widely provided. With the global pandemic of COVID-19, mRNA vaccine becomes a hotspot worldwide. Domestic biological enterprises should actively develop new herpes zoster vaccine to fill the vaccine vacancies in China and to enhance market competitiveness. This article briefly reviews the research progress and development of herpes zoster vaccine in various vaccine platforms.
ABSTRACT
Although many approaches have been developed for the quick assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, few of them are devoted to the detection of the neutralizing antibody, which is essential for assessing the effectiveness of vaccines. Herein, we developed a tri-mode lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform based on gold-silver alloy hollow nanoshells (Au-Ag HNSs) for the sensitive and accurate quantification of neutralizing antibodies. By tuning the shell-to-core ratio, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band of the Au-Ag HNSs is located within the near infrared (NIR) region, endowing them with an excellent photothermal effect under the irradiation of optical maser at 808 nm. Further, the Raman reporter molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was immobilized on the gold-silver alloy nanoshell to obtain an enhanced SERS signal. Thus, these Au-Ag HNSs could provide colorimetric, photothermal and SERS signals, with which, tri-mode strips for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody detection were constructed by competitive immunoassay. Since these three kinds of signals could complement one another, a more accurate detection was achieved. The tri-mode LFIA achieved a quantitative detection with detection limit of 20 ng/mL. Moreover, it also successfully detected the serum samples from 98 vaccinated volunteers with 79 positive results, exhibiting great application value in neutralizing antibody detection.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing , COVID-19 , Immunoassay , Nanoshells , SARS-CoV-2 , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Humans , Alloys , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Colorimetry/methods , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/immunology , Gold , Immunoassay/instrumentation , Immunoassay/methods , Metal Nanoparticles , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Silver , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methodsABSTRACT
Adenovirus（Ad） vectors have been widely used as gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy studies since Ad does not integrate into the host genome, thus the risk of insertion mutation is very low.Ad vectors induce immune responses and have relatively high thermal stability, which make them potential vaccine vectors.The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19） has drawn more attention to the application of Ad vector vaccines.Vaccination is still the most economical and effective means to prevent and control infectious diseases, including COVID-19, and a variety of Ad vector vaccines have been developed.In this review, we describe the basic characteristics, immune mechanism, clinical application and research progress of Ad vectors.
ABSTRACT
Herpes zoster is a cluster blister disease that often occurs on the skin of the elderly, immunocompromised individuals and patients with chronic diseases, which is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus dormant in neurons.The persistent pain of herpes zoster tortures patients and is responsible for serious mental and economic burden.With no effective drug treatment for patients, vaccination becomes more important in disease prevention.Now live attenuated vaccine and recombinant protein vaccine with adjuvant are clinically available abroad.Based on the clinical data, recombinant protein vaccine with adjuvant is the preferred one recommended by CDC.In China, many enterprises perform clinical studies on the two vaccines.However, due to the limitation of adjuvant supply, recombinant protein vaccines have not been widely provided.With the global pandemic of COVID-19, mRNA vaccine becomes a hotspot worldwide.Domestic biological enterprises should actively develop new herpes zoster vaccine to fill the vaccine vacancies in China and to enhance market competitiveness.This article briefly reviews the research progress and development of herpes zoster vaccine in various vaccine platforms.
ABSTRACT
Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the "environmental quasi-host." We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host-environmental media-human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals' living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.